Cloud Computing Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distributed computing Security - Essay Example This paper will think about a portion of the diary articles that address distributed computing security. Bisong and Rahman (2011) note that numerous business associations are starting to receive the distributed computing innovation as a procedure for chopping down expense to build the company’s benefit. They contend that cloud numerous organizations, which have received this idea, have received a ton of rewards by chopping down cost, sparing time and amplifying their adaptability. In spite of the advantages, Bisong, and Rahman (2011) alerts that there is various security issues related with distributed computing innovation that an association needs to manage successfully to look after privacy, respectability, and dependability. Subsequently, Bisong and Rahman (2011) addresses all the security concerns related with distributed computing innovation in an association, for example, the danger, defenselessness and dangers in their diary article named, â€Å"An Overview of the Secu rity Concerns in Enterprise Cloud Computing† Qaisar and Khawaja (2012) through a diary article named, â€Å"Cloud Computing: Network/Security Threats and Countermeasure†s concur with the view communicated by Bisong and Rahman (2011) that numerous organizations today are anticipating embracing the distributed computing idea since it is affordable as far as cost in this manner bringing about improved gainfulness. In this article, Qaisar and Khawaja (2012) investigate the security concerns related with distributed computing idea. In any case, not at all like in the past article by Bisong and Rahman (2011) the article by Qaisar and Khawaja (2012) goes further to talk about the different sorts of distributed computing that are accessible for use. The third article â€Å"Is Cloud Computing Secure?† by Brittanny Lyons (2011) likewise recognizes that distributed computing has been of incredible advantages to numerous organizations, which have figured out how to receive t he idea. Lyons (2011) gives a case of Amazon and Google that utilizes the distributed computing innovation to deal with their systems. In any case, the article like the past two articles analyzes how safe the innovation is for overseeing business systems in an association. Lyons (2011) contends that distributed computing is secure similarly as the standard registering innovation. By the by, the article additionally concurs with different articles that there are security gives that must be thought about before receiving the idea in an association. This incorporates programmers, infections, worms, and digital fear based oppressors. Different dangers noted incorporate absence of security since the suppliers can get to the information being transferred through the framework. As to style utilized, the initial two insightful diaries are written in formal scholastic styles. This is obvious as the articles have the theoretical, presentation segment, end and the list of sources/reference seg ments. The substance is likewise completely and definite, as the analysts seem to have dove deep when directing the examination. For example, it tends to be seen that the two insightful diaries dove deep to talk about the distributed computing security related issues by giving models just as how to counter the dangers as noted in the article by Qaisar and Khawaja (2012). The two insightful diaries likewise have various outlines and diagrams, which have been utilized for showing data. For example, the article by Bisong

Brain Drain Essay

At the point when profoundly qualified specialists like researchers, designers, specialists and oft prepared people move from immature nations and settle down: cutting edge nations, their relocation is called â€Å"Brain Drain†. This issue isn't impossible to miss to India alone. It is being looked by practically all the creating nation of the world. Cerebrum channel brings about direct misfortune to the immature and poor nations who train these specialists at an extraordinary expense. At the point when these specialists move to propel nations, such nations remain to pick up on the grounds that they get the administrations of the specialists without having needed to spend anything on their preparation. There are various components liable for mind channel in India. Most importantly, India needs openings for work. When, in the wake of finishing higher investigations, individuals don't get any work in India, they begin anticipating advance nations for employments. India needs off ices for cutting edge investigate. A large portion of the understudies who travel to another country for higher research don't come back to India. They are extended to rewarding employment opportunities so they may remain on in cutting edge nations and give these nations the advantage of their exploration. India is enriched with immense normal assets like oil, gas, coal, iron metal, gypsum, jewels, uranium and so forth. There is no uncertainty that if these regular assets are misused in full, India can get one of the created nations of the world. The Indian specialists, whom we lose each year, can remain on in India and help in the turn of events and misuse of normal assets. Indeed, even those specialists who have just settled in remote nations could be tricked back to India with the goal that they can assist India with becoming an incredible force on the planet. This issue can't be illuminated without the co-activity of the individuals. The guardians of the understudies ought to demoralize their children and little girls from traveling to another country regardless of whether they are extended to rewarding employment opportunities. Our political pioneers ought to be not kidding about this issue, and they should set an individual model by keeping their youngsters from traveling to another country and settling there. All the specialists, researchers and architects ought to understand that they owe some obligation to their nation. Our nation spends lakhs of rupees on their preparation. They ought to have a sentiment of appreciation to their nation. Our Government has additionally been welcoming, every once in a while, the researchers, engineers, experts, academicians and even non-inhabitant Indian businesspeople, settled abroad, to come back to India and helpâ in the quick industrialization and advancement of their country. They have likewise been offered a ton of motivations to set up their own ventures in India.

Education Reform Essay

It is certainly evident that we have difficult issues with our instruction framework. Converse with any educator and you will hear similar grievances; stuffed study halls, absence of provisions and course books, injustice of the evaluating framework, discipline issues, drugs, came up short on instructors and the rundown continues forever. The outcome; our youngsters can’t read, spell or take care of fundamental math issues without a number cruncher. Numerous understudies can not locate their own nation on a guide. Amidst discusses going on in a wide range of levels, the unavoidable issue is how might we fix these issues? The National Commission on Excellence in Education conveyed a staggering appraisal of American instruction in 1983. As indicated by the commission’s discoveries; 23 million American grown-ups were ignorant by the easiest trial of perusing and composing. Right around 13 percent of each of the multi year olds in the United States were practically ignorant. Lack of education among minority youthful was a frightening 40 percent. Academic Aptitude tests ( SAT ) demonstrated that normal verbal scores fell more than 50 focuses and arithmetic scores dropped 40 focuses from 1963 to 1980. Global correlations of understudy accomplishment uncovered that on 19 scholarly tests American understudies were rarely first or second and contrasted with the other industrialized countries, were last multiple times. ( http://www. ed. gov/bars/NatAtRisk/hazard. html (3 of 10 ,2005 ). These discoveries frightened the country and in 1989, a training highest point including each of the fifty state governors and president George H. W. Bramble brought about the selection of national instruction objectives for the year 2000. That year, National Council of Teachers Of Mathematics distributed the Curriculum and assessment Standards for School Mathematics, a gauges based archive. ( Schwardz, 2000 ). Norms basedâ school change has become a prevalent issue confronting state funded schools. In the 1990’s , The Standards-based National Education Goals were set by the U. S. Congress. This development brought about the well known No youngster Left Behind Act of 2001 which is as yet a functioning across the country order in the United States ( Schwardz 2000 ). A guidelines based framework gauges every understudy against the solid norm, rather than estimating how well the understudy performed contrasted with others. The fundamental objective of this change is that no understudy by prudence of neediness, age, race, sexual orientation, social or ethnic background,â disabilities or family circumstance will be excluded from learning the necessary material. ( Robinson,2000 ). The school pay from property charges and the government reserves depend on the understudy participation. Each government funded school is required to gauge participation consistently so the financial plan can be given to the state bookkeeping office and the cash made accessible. On the off chance that a youngster remains at home in any event, for one day, the participation shows less requirement for cash. Due to this framework, we have stuffed homerooms. The administration lawmakers ought to understand that less understudies implies better study hall the board and better instruction. The battle for the control of state funded schools additionally add to the issues we are looking with our training framework. In the United States, schools are directed by laws and guidelines at the area, district, state and government levels. The greater part of everyday exercises have been affected by area level government for the most part by a region administration drove by a watched over and constrained by a privately chose or delegated educational committee. ( Smith, 2001 ). State and central governments frequently command projects and changes or preclude certain exercises by condemning them through enactment or courtâ precedent or limiting state and administrative assets to schools which are not in consistence. ( Robinson, 2000 ). In the beginning of our country, our constitution left instruction matters Mostly in the hands of states. In those days establishing fathers didn't need the government running training. Yet, circumstances are different. Presently we have a portable society, new innovation, and a worldwide economy which has eradicated region, region and states lines that once had meaning. These days, regardless of whether brought up in California, Florida, Colorado or Virginia, all youngsters in America need a similar information and abilities that will help themâ compete in both national and the worldwide commercial center of occupations. Tight nearby control of state funded training affected by common perspectives and philosophies can leave our youngsters not well arranged to get by in this difficult worldwide condition. Government drives the path in significant zones, for example, food, medicate, item, budgetary and natural guidelines and arrangements. Ought not training, one of the most fundamental supporters of the achievement and prosperity of our country, be normally remembered for that rundown? The infringement of the partition of chapel and state issue has additionally been an ongoingâ debate in our government funded schools. In our constitution, the primary revision states â€Å"Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion or denying the free exercise thereof, this shows an individual is allowed to concentrate any type of religion and that the administration won't embrace any religion as the official religion of the state or country nor will they favor any religion over another ( First Amendment to the United States Constitution, recovered June 29, 2010 ). There are clashes over school asking and the vast majority concur that permitting someâ groups of kids to ask inside the study halls could affront other kids with various strict foundations or the youngsters with agnostic guardians. Creator Randall Eberts ( 2007 ) states that on the off chance that we investigate any humanities course, we will discover religion some place. He additionally expresses that religion is in science, writing and workmanship. The skirmish of advancement versus creationism versus savvy configuration never stops. Science instructors can educate about the planets, stars and cosmic systems yet they have no answer with respect to how everything began. They can think of a few hypotheses however it is hard to fulfill numerous understudies withâ various strict foundation. In craftsmanship classes, Leonardo Da Vinci’s Last Supper and Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel are among the best bits of imaginativeness which are both strict in nature. All together for an understudy to have the option to investigate these sorts of work of art, they should have the option to allude to the strict topics depicted in the pieces. In writing, Dante’s Inferno is a genuine case of how religion is drawn closer in a secondary school writing class. In the content, Dante has set up arrangement of rings of hellfire and ordered which sins would oust a spirit to that district forever. Since not all understudies put stock in paradise and heck, educators must be extra cautious how to move toward this point so it won’t show up as though they are attempting to authorize their perspectives on the theme. There must be a scarcely discernible difference between showing religion and educating religion. As per an examination by Christian Smith, ( Smith, 2002 ) religion influences understudies numerous ways including the accompanying: Religious understudies are bound to be associated with network work. Strict understudies are more averse to be suspended or ousted. Strict understudies are bound to be engaged with understudy government. Strict twelfth graders are more averse to get rowdy at school. Strict twelfth graders are more averse to play hooky without consent. There is a positive relationship between's strict understudies and their contribution in extracurricular exercises. Analysts mark Regnerus and Glen Elder ( Regnerus, 2003 ) led an exploration and discovered that â€Å"when youth from low-pay neighborhoods go to chapel, their scholastic execution improves basically because of social impacts of the congregation. It appears as though most issues in the schools are the consequence of powerlessness to settle on significant choices about the eventual fate of training in America. Significant time is squandered by infighting and uncertainty. We appear to be weak to fix the issues. All gatherings included ought to have a typical understanding about what a portion of the essential needs of understudies are. Our way of life and the condition of society is quickly evolving. In the light of these changes, new thoughts regarding instruction can be valuable to improve our training framework. Be that as it may, they ought to be examined for their adequacy. The way in to our future relies upon profoundly taught understudies who are set up for the 21st century. Our financial future and capacity to contend on the planet commercial center relies upon it.

Human Noise Pollution on Whitetail Deer Population Essays

Human Noise Pollution on Whitetail Deer Population Essays Human Noise Pollution on Whitetail Deer Population Paper Human Noise Pollution on Whitetail Deer Population Paper what's more, Dash J. , 2008). Clamor contamination additionally influences laborers that work around commotion contamination (Toothache, Z, 201 1 the investigation demonstrated how clamor impacts laborers, and nature while the structure of a dam. On account of the measure of the clamor that the laborers and the earth needs to take in during the day while the activity is being led, there for making the laborers free there hearing. This identifies with this task since this exploration tried what the clamor did to the earth and the living beings that were inside. In 1997 K. Swisher and Identical inquired about how whitetail deer are turning out to be serious issues in networks today. The expressed, Many people group are attempting to direct the deer populaces that are shut from chasing. For whatever length of time that satisfactory food sources are accessible deer populaces will twofold every a few years. Which is primarily because of the over populace of the untamed life here as a result of the deforested territory that was utilized to develop the networks. Also, what those individuals from the networks dont acknowledge is that they are the reason for the bounty of whitetail deer in their general vicinity in light of the fact that were there house is those creatures utilized o live. Another investigation directed by S. Webb and K. Well in 2009 depended on the endurance and devotion of the whitetail deer. They analyzed checked deer recovers and sightings over a multi year time span on an encased populace of whitetail deer in Oklahoma, LISA. The analysts tried the endurance and devotion parameter. They found that the quantity of creatures that are encased by wall have expanded which made issues with the reproducing propensities and individual populaces. The specialists likewise found that male deer had a 58% endurance rate during chasing season contrasted with the 78% of the females during the chasing season. An examination directed by F. Underhandedly and J. Encourage in 2009, scientists utilized a Powders estimator to locate the quantity of whitetail deer in a 200 and fourteen hectare territory in Texas. The specialists additionally utilized a corn supplement to draw in the whitetail deer to their testing territory. Anyway in this exploration there will be no corn supplement utilized in leading this examination, the example will be totally characteristic. B. Mill operator and R. Denying in 201 0 directed research on the whitetail deer on the measure of whitetail deer in a given region. Clover Traps were utilized which are bedeviled traps with piece corn that the deer eat. These analysts gathered information from whitetail deer from Feb.. 27th 1999 to the nineteenth of March 2005. These deer where truly controlled, blindfolded, and given an intramuscular infusion of Calamine hydrochloride (1 00 MGM/ml) which is a sedative shot, at a measurement of 2. 2 MGM/barrel weight. At that point those deer were fixed with plastic ear labels which told there evaluated age. Technique The methods that the analyst should follow if needing directing this task are as per the following. Acquire a lush region of which there is a populace of whitetail deer that the specialist may direct the investigation on. Note that the analyst must have in any event a 5 section of land edge of forest zone around the specialists test sight with the goal that the exploration won't influence different populaces. At that point, Obtain a Wildlife Infrared Extreme path camera. This is a water evidence open air camera that utilizes a movement identifier to take pictures during the day and around evening time. Acquire a caution movement identifier that is appropriate for being outside and being wet. Drive path cautions for vehicles appear to work well indeed. (Note: Have not discovered the alert item name yet and still required for venture) After the materials have been assembled, in scientists lush zone locate an appropriate all around the Natural life Infrared Extreme path camera so it will have a decent perspective on the territory that will be tried. Post it on the appropriate tree and ensure that the camera is taking pictures by moving before the camera and checking whether a red light goes ahead when the scientist passes by. Spot the remote control movement finder underneath the path camera with the goal that the camera can snap the photo of any whitetail deer around there when the caution is going off, and when the movement locator isn't being used (Control Variable No Noise). Next relying upon what free factor (Noise) that is being tried set the dispensed time or the movement locator to run, before leaving again ensure that the two materials are working by strolling before the materials. The camera should squint red and the movement locator should sound. After, let the materials hang out in the forested areas for the multi week times for testing. At long last, after the multi week time for testing is over return to the exploration territory and recover the Wildlife Infrared Extreme path cameras memory card. At that point supplant the memory card with another clear memory card by embeddings it into the assigned space. Make a point to forget about the camera there so the scientist would not need to rehash steps and 4. Rehash stages 6, 7, and 8 for the other free factors. Subsequent to accepting the memory chip: First, physically include every deer found in each image with the goal that the analyst may record you information in their lab scratch pad. The analyst may likewise need to record dates, multiple times so they locate the mean, and mode for every day and time. So that there is information on what day out of the time for testing the Whitetail deer moved the most and what the mean and mode was for the hour of day additionally during the multi week preliminary lengths. To all the more likely comprehend the Whitetail deers development designs because of the clamor contamination. Next, plug in the analysts information in Maintain to get the mean, and mode for the development designs because of the clamor contamination in the Whitetail deers condition. Record scientists information in their lab scratch pad, and afterward rehash stages 1-3 for every autonomous factors preliminary. Information Interpretation The levels and choices of my free factor are a control which will be the natural commotion that is now in the region that I will test. This implies should be done on this time for testing is set up the movement locator and the path camera. Another degree of this task is the low clamor eating which will be a sure timespan that the commotion will be on in a manner of speaking. The following variable will be the medium commotion setting which will be a timeframe that fall be stretch out from the low setting. The last clamor setting will be the high which will be the commotion being produce 24 hours one after another for every day. The units and estimation method for my needy variable is that the analyst will be physically experiencing and tallying every deer that are found in the entirety of the photos. At that point they will perceive what clamor setting the image was taken during and ascertain my information. The analyst will likewise observe cap the mean number of deer there was that came in the testing territory for every day and commotion level. The engaging measurements that will be utilized in this examination is mean which is because of the need to discover what the mean number of whitetail deer there were in that specific region around then and what the mean number of whitetail deer there were in that specific zone around then and what the mean number of deer was that came here in that fourteen day time for testing each day. A NOVA test will be utilized for inferential insights with the goal that example information can be contrasted with the general populace. This evil permit the analyst to see the quantity of whitetail deer out of that populace that is influenced by each clamor level. The general result (theory) that is thought to occur in this trial is, if there is a generous measure of human populace clamor in a given region, and afterward the quantity of Whitetail deer around there will be lower. This implies when there is an expansion in the measure of commotion in this examination then the quantity of deer visiting that zone will decay. Information Collection Table: Trial # I Control of Deer) I Low (# of Deer) I Deer) I High ( # of Deer) I Trial #1 h week after week h week after week h week after week h week by week Trial #2 h week by week h week by week h week by week h week by week Above is the information assortment table that incorporates three times for testing for every free factor. With every time for testing going on for fourteen day terms, that are being tried consistently per day separated. Information Analysis Figure 1 shows that the quantity Of deer in the image whenever tallied physically was 4, the time was at 8:40 toward the beginning of the day and it was 9-2-11. There were an all out number of 493 pictures like the one underneath that had more and not exactly the one beneath. Figure 1 shows that the quantity of deer in the image whenever checked physically During this examination 493 photos were utilized to gather subjective and activity information, similar to the one demonstrated as follows. The photos show that there are deer coming into the zone, what opportunity they came in, the date, and in the event that it was during the day or around evening time. The photograph underneath is a photograph taken from the control time of this trial.

Free Informative Essay Topics

Free Informative Essay TopicsFree Informative Essay Topics: The idea behind online free essay topics is that the writer can select from a large selection and submit them for approval. This means that anyone with a little bit of time and a website can offer their opinion on what to write about and submit it for others to view, which increases the flow of content on a subject.Online writing is probably the fastest way to find out what others are thinking. When you are making an article, the first thing you will find when you hit the search engine box is a choice of keyword phrases. With a little more research, you may find that someone else has already written that keyword phrase before you, and you have already heard about it.That is why it is so important to write your actual essay topic on paper. Once you write it on paper, you can copy and paste it to a Word document and edit it if needed. That way, if you change your mind later on, you can replace it.The reason I suggest paper is because you are working with words, and there is no substitute for real-world experience when it comes to spelling and grammar. One of the best ways to improve is to write about an experience you have had. Write about something you are passionate about. For example, if you are passionate about hunting, you could write about the thrill of getting out in the woods to hunt.As you find more essay topics, make sure that your writing style is consistent. This will make things easier when people read your articles and also make sure that you don't overdo a certain aspect of your writing, and it will flow better.One thing to keep in mind, however, is that some essay topics may not be appropriate for a school paper. This means that they won't be appropriate for your high school senior essay, but they are still useful for a college or graduate school essay.If you feel that some topics are too experimental, do yourself a favor and visit a trusted website like ConversationBar.com and look for f ree essay topics. You can then customize your essay around those topics and write it according to your own preferences.In conclusion, free informational essay topics can be an extremely powerful tool for boosting your research skills. It can also provide a great boost to your writing skills and make sure that your next article flows properly.

Great Despair Of The Salem Witch Trials - Free Essay Example

The Salem witch hunt of 1692 is one of the best known events in American history. It was a time where many feared for their life and became paranoid of everyone around them. People began to accuse each other without any authentic evidence and others agreed with the accusations as they did not want to be associated nor accused with being a witch. Since technology was not advance during these times, the evidence offered against the accused were in most cases, the verbal word of individuals who testified of their experiences in where they either witnessed an act of witchcraft or were a victim of it. In each case there were several people who testified against the accused, and although each slightly vary, for the most part, the same experiences occur. Many claim to be grievously tormented by â€Å"pinching and pricking†(p.73), some experienced more violent acts in where they were â€Å"choking to death†(p.78) or â€Å"pressing me on my stomach till the blood came out of my mouth†(p.97). There are many who claimed the accused would urged them to write in a book which was seen as signing your soul away to the Devil. Another form of evidence used was when girls would become hysterical and have strange fits when the accused were brought into the room. The girls claimed that they would see invisible animals or e vil spirits talking to the â€Å"witch†. Salem Town was a small community which meant that the â€Å"everyday life was intensely personal†(p.15) as everyone seem to know and be connected to one another in some way. They depended on each other both physically and mentally, so the uprising of these witch hunts negatively affected many and their relationships with their neighbors. The conflicts between neighbors were usually due to revenge for refusing a request, an exchange of goods that went awry, or someone allegedly damaging property. In the case of Sarah Good, one neighbor claimed that â€Å"Gadge’s cows died in a sudden, terrible, and strange unusual manner†(p.78) without a natural cause after Good was not allowed to enter the house of the Gadge’s, which resulted into Good â€Å"muttering and scolding extremely.. If she would not let her in she should give her something.†(p.78) Another neighbor who offered Good and her husband housing out of charity claimed that they â€Å"began to lo se cattle†(p.80) after she forced Sarah and her husband to leave due to Good being â€Å"turbulent a spirit, spiteful, and so maliciously bent.†(p.80) Sarah Goods unfortunate past and situation along with her â€Å"reputation for holding a grudge, and for muttering curses against those who crossed her†(p.69) did not help her case during the trials, as there was no one to defend her. During a formal trial, the accused were not represented by lawyers but were allowed to ask questions to the accusers and witnesses. Since most of them were not educated enough nor emotionally prepared to defend themselves, being able to ask questions did not help much. The accused were often faced with easily faked evidence as â€Å"the afflicted girls were almost certainly influenced by the attitudes and fears of the adults with who they lived†(p.23). It was found that if the accused complied and were calm during the trial, they would be questioned less and would be treated slightly better. Historically, a confession as the best way to gain a conviction and to avoid an execution as you would be in repentance for your sins. It’s ironic how those who confessed were not executed while those who refused to confessed were all executed. The Salem witch trials of 1692 was time of great despair for a small religious town. For a community that was once closely knit, many friends and family were turned against one another. Out of the nearly one hundred people accused of practicing witchcraft, nineteen were persecuted and killed. It is unfortunate to think of the many innocent lives taken away as one of the witnesses during these trials, Ann Putnam, later admitted in a public confession that she had â€Å"good reason to believe they were innocent persons; and that it was a great delusion of Satan that deceived me†(p.178) These events will remain controversial as it made an impact on American society and history, however, as times and technology has now advanced greatly, it is very unlikely that an event like this will reoccur.

Aristotle s Philosophy On The View Of Friendship - 818 Words

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. Aristotle’s philosophy was his logical concept. Aristotle’s objective was to come up with a universal process of reasoning that would allow man to learn every imaginable thing about reality. He wrote on a vast amount of subjects during his lifetime, such as biology, chemistry, physics, ethics and logic. Aristotle wrote a book called, Nicomachean Ethics. This book describes the view of friendship. He also describes three different type of friendship, which in reality is exactly how friendship is in today society. The question while reading this information is what is friendship in Aristotle point of view? Aristotle believes that there are three different kinds of friendship; that of utility, friendship of pleasure, and virtuous friendship. In his book he describe exactly what each type of friendship really is. Friendship that is of utility is where both people derive some benefit from each other. Is like saying that these p eople are friends from each other by gaining something else from the other. They are not friends for the good of it; they are friends because there are benefits coming from them. Aristotle describes a friendship of utility as narrow, â€Å"easily dissolved† or for the old. He views them as such because this type of friendship is easily broken and based on something that is brought to the relationship by the other person. Most of the people that have this type of friendship are the young people. They do not knowShow MoreRelatedHistorical Events That Took Place During The Classical Period1458 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Literature I Historically Significant Influences of Aristotle During the Classical Period, 500-232 BCE, Greece was at the peak of its political and cultural achievement. This was also a time of war, most noteworthy being the vast empire created by Alexander the Great. 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Aristotle has laid out virtues, which is the importantRead MoreEssay about Aristotle’s Three Categories of Friendships2126 Words   |  9 PagesFriendships are special relationships that begin the development of social skills in each human person. Every time we open the door to form new friendships it begins with an experimental and holistic practice of philosophy and science. Whether we recognize the use of philosophy and science or not it’s being applied to shape friendships. The formation and bond of friendships has been studied for many years through science, philosophy, and theology. The point of this paper is to give the point of viewRead MoreAristotle s Views On Happiness And Moral Virtue Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesTiverio Madrigal Landa Philosophy 002 October 13, 2016 Happiness and Moral Virtue Every few decades, an individual revolutionizes the way that we think and perceive the world. During the year 300 B.C., the foundation of philosophy was started by Aristotle and his learning from Plato and Socrates. A few centuries later, Thomas Hobbes beliefs challenged Aristotle s views. At the time, it was not known that their ideas would revolutionize the way we see the world around us today. Even though theyRead MoreEssay about Mathematical Ethics4160 Words   |  17 Pagesmathematics as a normative aid in ethical decision-making and of the mathematization of ethics a theoretical discipline. Recently, Anagnostopoulos, Annas, Broadie and Hutchinson have probed such issues said to be of interest to Aristotle. Despite their studies, the sense in which Aristotle either opposed or proposed a mathematical ethics in subject-matter and method remains unclear. This paper attempts to clarify the matter. It shows Aristotle’s matrix of exactness and inexactness for ethical subject -matter

Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire - 2099 Words

â€Å"The Relationship Between Sex And Violence In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire † And so it was I entered the broken world To trace the visionary company of love, its voice An instant in the wind (I know not whither hurled) But not for long to hold each desperate choice The Broken Tower by Hart Crane. The play starts with this quote describing a lot about the play its theme ‘the search of true love’ and as the title of the play itself says ‘desire’. Tennessee Williams was born Thomas Lanier Williams on March 26, 1914, in Columbus, Mississippi, the son of Cornelius Coffin Williams and Edwina Dakin. Williams had an elder sister, Rose, who was later committed to a mental institution, and a younger brother. In 1918 the Williams family moved to St Louis. In response to this unhappiness, and to the emotional pain of being bullied by children in the neighborhood, Williams began to read books and write his own stories; years later, in the foreword to Sweet Bird of Youth he commented that writing was an escape from a world of reality in which I felt acutely uncomfortable. It immediately became my place of retreat, my cave, my refuge. Beginning in 1929 Williams studied at the University of Missouri at Columbia, at Washington University in St. Louis, and at the University of Iowa, meanwhile making a name for himself as a writer. Although this period was a creative one, and one in which his personal life settled down (he seems to have com e to terms with hisShow MoreRelatedA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1109 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† is a play written by Tennessee Williams. Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi but with a different name. He changed his name from Thomas Lanier Williams to what the readers know today as Tennessee Williams. (Forman). Williams is widely known for his plays, short stories, and poems across the world. He has won many awards for his work such as The New York Critics’ Circle Award and 2 Pulitzer awards. The play â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire he won his first Pulitzer PrizeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1442 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Tennessee Williams’s play, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire† one can learn a large portion about his personal life. In the play the character, Blanche has a mental illness the same as his sister Rose had in her lifetime. Blanche’s ex-husband was also homosexual and he made the point to say that he left her for a man and Williams himself was also a homosexual. Tennessee chose for the story to be based in New Orleans, which was a crumbling town at the time and Williams was living a crumbling lifeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams928 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis Paper: A Streetcar Named Desire For my analysis paper, I have chosen the full-length play by Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire. The drama containing several forms of realism was released in December of 1947 and stayed open on Broadway for two years until December of 1949. The play in set in New Orleans, Louisiana in a simi-poor area, but has a certain amount of charm that goes along with it. Williams creates a vast web of emotional conflicts thought all the characters, whichRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire, By Tennessee Williams1629 Words   |  7 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams, was first performed on December 3rd, 1947. Chronicling the actions and events that take place when two sisters are reunited, A Streetcar Named Desire is regarded as one of Tennessee William’s most successful plays. Likewise, â€Å"Blank Space†, written and performed by Taylor Swift, was first performed November 23rd, during the 2014 American Music Awards. â€Å"Blank Space† s pent 22 weeks in the top 40 charts and is featured on the best selling albumRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire In the summer of post World War II in New Orleans, Louisiana lives hard working, hardheaded Stanley and twenty-five year old pregnant, timid Stella Kowalski in a charming two-bedroom apartment on Elysian Fields. Stella’s older sister Blanche Dubois appears in the first scene unexpectedly from Laurel, Mississippi carrying everything she owns. In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, despite Blanche’s desire to start fresh in New Orleans, her snobbish nature, inabilityRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams672 Words   |  3 Pagesof the era—is Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, a tale of one woman’s destruction due to Southern society’s changing moral values. The destruction of the Old Southern society around the main character, Blanche DuBois, causes her to go insane and she cannot stand the low morals that the New South is carrying in its baggage. Because of his Southern roots, Tennessee Williams’ past is able to shine through his work. Born to a drunken shoe maker and a Southern belle, Williams was supportedRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1054 Words   |  5 Pagescalled â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, there are numerous amounts of tragic events that not only affected the person in the event, but others around them as well. A tragedy, or tragic event, is known to bring chaos, destruction, distress, and even discomfort such as a natural disaster or a serious accident. A tragedy in a story can also highlight the downfall of the main character, or sometimes one of the more important character. In this book, â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†, written by Tennessee Williams, heRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire929 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Desire’s† Breakdown Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire is a web of themes, complicated scenarios, and clashes between the characters. Therefore, it might’ve been somehow difficult to find out who the protagonist of this play is if it wasn’t for Aristotle’s ideas of a good tragedy because neither of the main characters, Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois, is completely good nor bad. According to Aristotle’s Poetics, a good tragedy requires the protagonist to undergo a change of statusRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire964 Words   |  4 PagesLike many people in the world, the characters in Tennessee William’s play, A Streetcar Named Desire, are troubled by anxiety and insecurities. Life in New Orleans during the 1940s was characterized by the incredible variety of music, lively and bright atmosphere, and diverse population, while in the midst of the ongoing World War II. Culture was rich and fruitful because the city developed into a â€Å"melting pot† of people from all over the world. Due to the wide-range in population, the people ofRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1263 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth in the suffrage movement in England and the United States, with women struggling to attain political equality. However, this was not to last however, and by the fifties men had reassumed their more dominant role in society. Tennessee Williams wrote A Streetcar Named Desire around the time this reversal was occurring in American society. In this play male dominance is clear. Women are represented as delicate, reserved, and silent, confined to a domestic world that isolated them from the harsh realities

Farming and Agriculture Post World-War II

By the end of World War II, the farm economy once again faced the challenge of overproduction. Technological advances, such as the introduction of gasoline- and electric-powered machinery and the widespread use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, meant production per hectare was higher than ever. To help consume surplus crops, which were depressing prices and costing taxpayers money, Congress in 1954 created a Food for Peace program that exported U.S. farm goods to needy countries. Policy-makers reasoned that food shipments could promote the economic growth of developing countries. Humanitarians saw the program as a way for America to share its abundance. Launching the Food Stamp Program In the 1960s, the government decided to use surplus food to feed Americas own poor as well. During President Lyndon Johnsons War on Poverty, the government launched the federal Food Stamp program, giving low-income people coupons that could be accepted as payment for food by grocery stores. Other programs using surplus goods, such as for school meals for needy children, followed. These food programs helped sustain urban support for farm subsidies for many years, and the programs remain an important form of public welfare — for the poor and, in a sense, for farmers as well. But as farm production climbed higher and higher through the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, the cost of the government price support system rose dramatically. Politicians from non-farm states questioned the wisdom of encouraging farmers to produce more when there was already enough — especially when surpluses were depressing prices and thereby requiring greater government assistance. Federal Deficiency Payments The government tried a new tack. In 1973, U.S. farmers began receiving assistance in the form of federal deficiency payments, which were designed to work like the parity price system. To receive these payments, farmers had to remove some of their lands from production, thereby helping to keep market prices up. A new Payment-in-Kind program, begun in the early 1980s with the goal of reducing costly government stocks of grains, rice, and cotton, and strengthening market prices, idled about 25 percent of cropland. Price supports and deficiency payments applied only to certain basic commodities such as grains, rice, and cotton. Many other producers were not subsidized. A few crops, such as lemons and oranges, were subject to overt marketing restrictions. Under so-called marketing orders, the amount of a crop that a grower could market as fresh was limited week by week. By restricting sales, such orders were intended to increase the prices that farmers received. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Free Will in Oedipus the King Essay - 1474 Words

Free Will in Oedipus the King Oedipus the King by Sophocles is the story of a man who was destined to kill his father and marry his mother. The story continues in the tradition of classic Greek plays, which were based upon the Greeks’ beliefs at the time. The ancient Greeks believed that their gods decided what would ultimately happen to each and every person. Since those gods destined Oedipus to kill his father and marry his mother, Oedipus’ life was definitely fated. However, the gods only decided where Oedipus’ life would eventually lead; they never planned the route he would take to get there. All the decisions that Oedipus made in order to fulfill his destiny, and the decisions he made after the fact, were of his own free will,†¦show more content†¦I paid him back with interest! Short work, by god—with one blow of the staff in this right hand I knock him out of his high seat, roll him out of the wagon, sprawling headlong— I killed them all—every motherâ€⠄¢s son! (884-98) Talk about road rage! Oedipus is pushed out the way by a wagon, and he retaliates by killing almost everyone in the wagon, including his father! Sure, Oedipus was destined to kill his father anyway, but the manner in which he did so gives an insight into his demeanor. Oedipus could have killed his father in any number of ways, but to do so in a fit of rage set off by so seemingly trivial of an event is just not rational. Murder may not have been as big of a deal at that time, but if Oedipus had tried that in today’s world, he would have either been executed or have been spending the rest of his life in a mental institution. This incident goes to show that Oedipus is a very rash and impulsive man, and this carries over into his administration and decision-making. As king of Thebes, Oedipus is a very short-tempered leader who thinks, and sometimes even rules, by the seat of his pants. When Oedipus learns of the plague over Thebes, he chooses to root out the source and eliminate the scourge over his city. This is all well and good until Oedipus starts hearing things he does not like. When Creon sends for the blind prophet Tiresias, the same prophet who told Laius andShow MoreRelatedFate And Free Will : Oedipus The King1136 Words   |  5 PagesClearly depicted, in Oedipus the King, is the Greek s popular belief that fate will control a man s life in spite of man s free will. Throughout the story, the concept of fate and free will plays an integral part in Oedipus destruction and ultimately the death of his family. Destined to marry his mother and murder his father, Oedipus was guided by fate. When Oedipus learns of his fate he immediately tries to prevent it, as did his mother and father. This prophecy, as warned by the Oracle ofRead MoreEssa y on Oedipus the King: Oedipus Struggle with Fate and Free Will771 Words   |  4 Pagesfate and free will remains the biggest mystery of all; is everything we do controlled or do we have the freedom of choice? In the story Oedipus the King by Sophocles, the author uses the idea of fate and free will to explain the struggle of Oedipuss life. Fate and free will is explained as; fate is controlled by an outside supernatural force, and there is no way of controlling it. Free will is when each of us is responsible and controls all aspects of our own life. The author of Oedipus the KingRead MoreEmotions and Free Will in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King1904 Words   |  8 PagesEmotions and Free Will in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King Sophocles’ play brings up the complex issues about the relationship between human’s free will and fate predestined by the Gods. It examines the nature of human confidence to defy fate as well as human’s limited ability against the unknown force that they do not completely understand (p. 609). Several remarks were made in the play to question the authority of the divine powers. If the prophecies are wrong, however, how could the playRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King3894 Words   |  16 PagesThe Concept of Fate in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To the first-time reader of Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, it seems that the gods are in complete domination of mankind. This essay will seek to show that this is not the case because the presence of a tragic flaw within the protagonist is shown to be the cause of his downfall.    In the opening scene of the tragedy the priest of Zeus itemizes for the king what the gods have done to the inhabitants of Thebes:    A blight isRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - The Paradox of Free Will1318 Words   |  6 PagesA Paradox: Oedipuss Free will in the Play Oedipus Rex William Shakespeare once wrote, Who can control his fate? (Othello, Act v, Sc.2).  A hero and leader must acknowledge above all else his honor, and the pride of his image.   In ancient Greek beliefs, a hero was a man who stood taller than the rest; he was able to better any conflict.   He did this not for himself or for any token award that may be given to him, but for the security of his fellow man.   Physical strength and superior wit areRead More Boundaries of Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King1282 Words   |  6 PagesFate and Free Will in Oedipus the King    The ancient Greeks firmly believed that the universe was guided strictly by order and fate. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles has examined the relationship between free will and fate, suggesting that free will paradoxically exists inside the boundaries of fate. It may be concluded, however, that man has free will and is ultimately held responsible for his own actions.    Oedipus destruction was brought about by a combination of fate and free will.Read MoreOedipus the King: Fate Vs Free Will Essay639 Words   |  3 Pages Oedipus the King, was written by Sophocles between C.A.496-406B.C. In this play, Oedipus is a great example of Sophocles’ belief that fate will control a man’s life no matter how much free will exists. Oedipus is a man of unflagging determination and perseverance, but one who must learn through the working out of a terrible prophecy that there are forces beyond any man’s conceptualization or control. Oedipus’ actions were determined before his birth, yet Oedipus’ actions are entirely determinedRead MoreFree will and Determinism in Oedipus the King by Sophocles Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagesby human actions. If this is true, we can imply that people do not have free will and thus are not responsible for their actions. In Oedipus the King we see that the dichotomy of fate and free will is hazed by the hyperbole of events, which can make it difficult, but possible, to determine if humans even have free will. Through Oedipus’s flaws and decisions and Sophocles use of the imagery of a crossroad it is apparent that free will can be exercised in a meaningful way. The play opens, and immediatelyRead MoreOedipus the King: Fate and Free Will Essay example2539 Words   |  11 Pages â€Å"‘Tragedy is an imitation, not of men, but of action and life, of happiness and misery’† (Milch 12). This statement by Aristotle reflects the ideas portrayed in the play Oedipus Rex. Written by Sophocles, Oedipus Rex is a play which combines tragedy with irony to tell a story of a noble king who falls short of his greatness. The play was written around 430 BC and originally intended for an Athenian audience. They considered Sophocles their most successful playwright and consequently, hisRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - The Fate of Oedipus1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fate of Oedipus in Oedipus the King    In Oedipus the King there comes a point in the play where Oedipus learns something that plays an important role throughout the play.  Ã‚   He learns from a   oracle that he will eventually kill his own Father and sleep with his own mother.   As one could imagine this is a shock to Oedipus, and he does not believe the oracle.   However, he cannot prevent any of this from happening because it is his fate.   Oedipus is a victim of circumstances

Scientific Revolution Summary Essay - 1014 Words

Prior to the scientific revolution, the Old World view on science placed heavy emphasis on religion and had geocentric beliefs, meaning that it was widely believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Then, the scientific revolution of the 17th century established a new view of the universe, reexamined the old theories, and emphasized natural philosophy and science. In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, a book which criticized the geocentric theory of the universe, challenged the Ptolemaic system and established a heliocentric model of the universe (the sun is the center of the universe). Then, Tycho Brahe continued the work on Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. Brahe’s research†¦show more content†¦He also taught that you cannot rely on ancients to provide information, encouraged people to search for their own understanding of nature, believed that science’s practical purpose was human improvem ent, and increased the support for science throughout Europe. Then, Renà © Descartes created a scientific method that relied on deduction rather than empirical observation. In 1637 Descartes published Discourse on Method, which advocated thought based on math and divided things into 2 categories, mind and body. Thomas Hobbes gave philosophical justification to central, absolute government, portrayed humans as materialistic, egotistical, and in competition with each other. Locke regarded humans as creatures of reasons and goodwill. He wrote Second Treatise of Government, which was a contract between the government and the governed that stated that government must ensure life, liberty, and property and the governed have the right to replace the government. Locke also defended religious toleration among Christians and wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690 which is considered the most important work of psychology in the 18th century. In this work, John Locke said th at a person’s mind ad birth is a blank slate or â€Å"tabula rasa† and the content of the slate is determined by one’s experiences and environment. During this time period, there wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Factors Involved in Scientific Revolutions1363 Words   |  6 Pageson a revolution of a new kind. Following centuries of religious and political unrest, countless wars, and the infamous Black Death, which ravaged through nearly one third of the European population, Nicolaus Copernicus set off the Scientific Revolution in 1543 with his publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. However, this revolution would not be restricted to only the sciences, but it would forever change the global landscape in every aspect of life. Although, named the Scientific RevolutionRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution1531 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book â€Å" The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction†, Lawrence Principe discusses the general occur ring events of the scientific revolution, and overviews various in-depth details in relation to those events. People at the time highly focused on the meanings and causes of their surrounds, as their motive was to â€Å"control, improve and exploit† (Principe 2) the world. In his work, Principe has successfully supported the notion that the Scientific Revolution stood as a period in time whereRead MoreRenaissance and Revolution Did Copernicus1485 Words   |  6 Pagestogether to promote literacy in Europe? The Commercial Revolution. 35. What led to European trade rising along with a greater variety of available goods? 36. What did the large influx of gold and silver lead to and who benefitted the most? 37. What new trade development/innovation led to greater European involvement in countries around the world? (Note: this will play a key role in â€Å"imperialism† later) 38. The Industrial Revolution will not occur until the 18th century but colonies providedRead MoreEssay about The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 747 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) Thomas Kuhn argued that science fluctuated between sustained periods of normal science and periods of chaotic reshuffling, called revolutionary science. During periods of normal science the scientific community agree on a set of foundational/basic beliefs called the paradigm (SSR, 10). The paradigm con- tains four basic categories of knowledge, (i) firmly established symbolic laws (e.g., f = ma), (ii) metaphysical world-views (e.g., that matterRead MoreEssay on Thomas Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions2246 Words   |  9 Pages The aim of this essay is to provide a summary and critique of Thomas S. Kuhn’s groundbreaking thesis ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.’ This will be done by analyzing his concepts of ‘paradigm’, ‘normal science’ and ‘scientific revolutions.’ Following the overview I will present the example of ‘The Copernican Revolution’ to empirically show a paradigm shift. The rest of the essay is concerned specifically with critically examining Kuhn’s notion of a paradigm and the incommensurabilityRead MoreThe Revolution Of Accounting Thought : An Abstract Of No More Than 400 Words Essay823 Words   |  4 Pages1. MC Wells ‘A Revolution in Accounting Thought’. The Accounting Review. V.LI. No.3. July 1976. pp471-82. The article do es not have an abstract – write an abstract of no more than 400 words. A short guide to writing an abstract is provided. ----Answered by Wenxin This article talk about the revolution in accounting. The revolution in accounting through five different stages, there are scientific revaluation, accounting disciplinary matrix, anomalies and professional insecurity, alternativeRead MoreWhat Is Priori Research And Present Era1507 Words   |  7 Pagesare not based on facts. It has been observed that they are misunderstandings developed related to the role of priori research in the overthrow of concepts. These works have been considered relevant and important steps. A light is thrown on scientific revolutions and how new set of ideas are developed with the passage of time. The major steps identified are five. They are the recognition of anomalies which leads to insecure period. The new ideas are developed and new school of thoughts is identifiedRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pages In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning of sociology were political unrests especially the French Revolution that took over from the eighteenth centuryRead MoreMao Zedong Of The Peasant Movement1005 Words   |  5 PagesWritten Summary of Group 4 Presentation The Summary of Document 8.2 Brief Introduction: Document 8.2 is the first four sections of â€Å"Mao Zedong’s Report on an Investigation of Peasant Movement in Hunan†, which was written by Mao Zedong when he visited Hunan province in 1927. In this document, from personal perspective, Mao argued the importance of the peasant issues, then described how the peasant associations became organized, how the peasants fought with the local tyrants and gentry, and how theyRead MoreGenesis And Development Of A Scientific Fact919 Words   |  4 PagesWhile I was reading Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (GDSF) (Fleck, 1935), I played close attention to the Foreword written by Thomas Kuhn. As a novice in reading about the philosophy of science, the name Kuhn sounded familiar, but I was not able to remember which situations or disciplines were Kuhn’s areas of expertise. Moreover, I was sure that his name was related to philosophy, but I did not certainly know about his contributions to the de velopment of the philosophy of science. Through

calvin Essay Example For Students

calvin Essay This man, undoubtedly the greatest of ../cathen/12495a.htm divines, and perhaps, after ../cathen/02084a.htm, the most perseveringly followed by his disciples of any Western writer on theology, was born at Noyon in Picardy, France, 10 July, 1509, and died at Geneva, 27 May, 1564. A generation divided him from ../cathen/09438b.htm, whom he never met. By birth, education, and temper these two protagonists of the reforming movement were strongly contrasted. Luther was a Saxon peasant, his father a miner; Calvin sprang from the French middle-class, and his father, an attorney, had purchased the freedom of the City of Noyon, where he practised civil and canon law. Luther entered the Order of Augustinian Hermits, took a monks vows, was made a priest and incurred much odium by marrying a nun. Calvin never was ordained in the Catholic Church; his training was chiefly in law and the humanities; he took no vows. Luthers eloquence made him popular by its force, humour, rudeness, and vulgar style . Calvin spoke to the learned at all times, even when preaching before multitudes. His manner is classical; he reasons on system; he has little humour; instead of striking with a cudgel he uses the weapons of a deadly logic and persuades by a teachers authority, not by a demagogues calling of names. He writes French as well as Luther writes German, and like him has been reckoned a pioneer in the modern development of his native tongue. Lastly, if we term the doctor of Wittenberg a mystic, we may sum up Calvin as a scholastic; he gives articulate expression to the principles which Luther had stormily thrown out upon the world in his vehement pamphleteering; and the Institutes as they were left by their author have remained ever since the standard of orthodox ../cathen/12495a.htm belief in all the Churches known as ../cathen/12710a.htm His French disciples called their sect the religion; such it has proved to be outside the Roman world. The family name, spelt in many ways, was Cauvin latinized according to the custom of the age as Calvinus. For some unknown reason the Reformer is commonly called Matre Jean C. His mother, Jeanne Le Franc, born in the ../cathen/03209c.htm, is mentioned as beautiful and devout; she took her little son to various shrines and brought him up a good Catholic. On the fathers side, his ancestors were seafaring men. His grandfather settled at Pont lEvque near Paris, and had two sons who became locksmiths; the third was Gerard, who turned procurator at Noyon, and there his four sons and two daughters saw the light. He lived in the Place au Bl (Cornmarket). Noyon, a bishops see, had long been a fief of the powerful old family of Hangest, who treated it as their personal property. But an everlasting quarrel, in which the city took part, went on between the bishop and the chapter. Charles de Hangest, nephew of the too well-known Georges dAmboise, Archbishop of Rouen, surrendered the bishopric in 1525 to his own nephew John, becoming his vicar -general. John kept up the battle with his canons until the Parliament of Paris intervened, upon which he went to Rome, and at last died in Paris in 1577. This prelate had ../cathen/12495a.htm kinsfolk; he is charged with having fostered heresy which in those years was beginning to raise its head among the French. Clerical dissensions, at all events, allowed the new doctrines a promising field; and the Calvins were more or less infected by them before 1530. Gerards four sons were made clerics and held benefices at a tender age. The Reformer was given one when a boy of twelve, he became Cur of Saint-Martin de Marteville in the Vermandois in 1527, and of Pont lEveque in 1529. Three of the boys attended the local Collge des Capettes, and there John proved himself an apt scholar. But his people were intimate with greater folk, the de Montmor, a branch of the line of Hangest, which led to his accompanying some of their children to Paris in 1523, when his mother was probably dead and his father had married again. The latter died in 1531, under excommunication from the chapter for not sending in his accounts. The old mans illness, not his lack of honesty, was, we are told, the cause. Yet his son Charles, nettled by the censure, drew towards the ../cathen/12495a.htm doctrines. He was accused in 1534 of denying the Catholic dogma of the ../cathen/05572c.htm, and died out of the Church in 1536; his body was publicly gibbeted as that of a recusant. Meanwhile, young John was going through his own trials at the University of Paris, the dean or syndic of which, Noel Bdier, had stood up against ../cathen/05510b.htm and bore hard upon ../cathen/09114b.htm (Stapulensis), celebrated for his translation of the Bible into French. Calvin, a martinet, or oppidan, in the College de la Marche, made this mans acquaintance (he was from Picardy) and may have glanced into his Latin commentary on St. Paul, dated 1512, which Doumergue considers the first ../cathen/12495a.htm book emanating from a French pen. Another influence tending the same way was that of Corderius, Calvins tutor, to whom he dedicated afterwards his annotation of I Thessalonians, remarking, if there be any good thing in what I have published, I owe it to you. Corderius had an excellent Latin style, his life was austere, and his Colloquies earned him enduring fame. But he fell under suspicion of heresy, and by Calvins aid took refuge in Geneva, where he died September 1564. A third herald of the New Learning was George Cop, physician to Francis I, in whose house Calvin found a welcome and gave ear to the religious discussions which Cop favoured. And a fourth was Pierre-Robert dOlivet of Noyon, who also translated the Scriptures, our youthful man of letters, his nephew, writing (in 1535) a Latin preface to the Old Testament and a French one his first appearance as a native author to the New Testament. By 1527, when no more than eighteen, Calvins educatlon was complete in its main lines. He had lea rned to be a humanist and a reformer. The sudden conversion to a spiritual life in 1529, of which he speaks, must not be taken quite literally. He had never been an ardent Catholic; but the stories told at one time of his ill-regulated conduct have no foundation; and by a very natural process he went over to the side on which his family were taking their stand. In 1528 he inscribed himself at Orlans as a law student, made friends with Francis Daniel, and then went for a year to Bourges, where he began preaching in private. Margaret dAngoulme, sister of Francis I, and Duchess of Berry, was living there with many heterodox Germans about her. He is found again at Paris in 1531. Wolmar had taught him Greek at Bourges; from Vatable he learned Hebrew; and he entertained some relations with the erudite Budaeus. About this date he printed a commentary on Senecas De Clementi. It was merely an exercise in scholarship, having no political significance. Francis I was, indeed, handling ../cathen /12495a.htm severely, and Calvin, now Doctor of Law at Orlans, composed, so the story runs, an oration on Christian philosophy which Nicholas Cop delivered on All Saints Day, 1532, both writer and speaker having to take instant flight from pursuit by the royal inquisitors. This legend has been rejected by modern critics. Calvin spent some time, however, with Canon du Tillet at Angoulme under a feigned designation. In May, 1534, he went to Noyon, gave up his benefice, and, it is said, was imprisoned. But he got away to Nerac in Bearn, the residence of the Duchess Margaret, and there again encountered Le Fvre, whose French Bible had been condemned by the Sorbonne to the flames. His next visit to Paris fell out during a violent campaign of the Lutherans against the ../cathen/10006a.htm, which brought on reprisals, Etienne de la Forge and others were burnt in the Place de Grve; and Calvin accompanied by du Tillet, escaped though not without adventures to Metz and Strasburg. In the lat ter city Bucer reigned supreme. The leading reformers dictated laws from the pulpit to their adherents, and this journey proved a decisive one for the French humanist, who, though by nature timid and shy, committed himself to a war on paper with his own sovereign. The famous letter to Francis I is dated 23 August, 1535. It served as a prologue to the Institutes, of which the first edition came out in March, 1536, not in French but in Latin. Calvins apology for lecturing the king was, that placards denouncing the ../cathen/12495a.htm as rebels had been posted up all over the realm. Francis I did not read these pages, but if he had done so he would have discovered in them a plea, not for toleration, which the Reformer utterly scorned, but for doing away with Catholicism in favour of the new gospel. There could be only one true Church, said the young theologian, therefore kings ought to make an utter end of popery. (For an account of the Institutes see ../cathen/03198a.htm) The second edition belongs to 1539, the first French translation to 1541; the final Latin, as revised by its author, is of 1559; but that in common use, dated 1560, has additions by his disciples. It was more Gods work than mine, said Calvin, who took for his motto Omnia ad Dei gloriam, and in allusion to the change he had undergone in 1529 assumed for his device a hand stretched out from a burning heart. A much disputed chapter in Calvins biography is the visit which he was long thought to have paid at Ferraro to the ../cathen/12495a.htm Duchess Rene, daughter of Louis XII. Many stories clustered about his journey, now given up by the best-informed writers. All we know for certain is that the Reformer, after settling his family affairs and bringing over two of his brothers and sisters to the views he had adopted undertook, in consequence of the war between ../cathen/03625a.htm and Francis I, to reach Bale by way of Geneva, in July, 1536. At Geneva the Swiss preacher Fare, then looking for hel p in his propaganda, besought him with such vehemence to stay and teach theology that, as Calvin himself relates, he was terrified into submission. We are not accustomed to fancy the austere prophet so easily frightened. But as a student and recluse new to public responsibilities, he may well have hesitated before plunging into the troubled waters of Geneva, then at their stormiest period. No portrait of him belonging to this time is extant. Later he is represented as of middle height, with bent shoulders, piercing eyes, and a large forehead; his hair was of an auburn tinge. Study and fasting occasioned the severe headaches from which he suffered continually. In private life he was cheerful but sensitive, not to say overbearing, his friends treated him with delicate consideration. His habits were simple; he cared nothing for wealth, and he never allowed himself a holiday. His correspondence, of which 4271 letters remain, turns chiefly on doctrinal subjects. Yet his strong, reserved character told on all with whom he came in contact; Geneva submitted to his theocratic rule, and the ../cathen/12710a.htm accepted his teaching as though it were infallible. Such was the stranger whom Farel recommended to his fellow ../cathen/12495a.htm, this Frenchman, chosen to lecture on the Bible in a city divided against itself. Geneva had about 15,000 inhabitants. Its bishop had long been its prince limited, however, by popular privileges. The vidomne, or mayor, was the Count of Savoy, and to his family the bishopric seemed a property which, from 1450, they bestowed on their younger children. John of Savoy, illegitimate son of the previous bishop, sold his rights to the duke, who was head of the clan, and died in 1519 at Pignerol. Jean de la Baume, last of its ecclesiastical princes, abandoned the city, which received ../cathen/12495a.htm teachers from Berne in 1519 and from Fribourg in 1526. In 1527 the arms of Savoy were torn down; in 1530 the Catholic party underwent defeat , and Geneva became independent. It had two councils, but the final verdict on public measures rested with the people. These appointed Farel, a convert of Le Fevre, as their preacher in 1534. A discussion between the two Churches from 30 May to 24 June, 1535 ended in victory for the ../cathen/12495a.htm. The altars were desecrated, the sacred images broken, the Mass done away with. Bernese troops entered and the Gospel was accepted, 21 May, 1536. This implied persecution of Catholics by the councils which acted both as Church and State. Priests were thrown into prison; citizens were fined for not attending sermons. At Zrich, Basle, and Berne the same laws were established. Toleration did not enter into the ideas of the time. But though Calvin had not introduced this legislation, it was mainly by his influence that in January, 1537 the articles were voted which insisted on communion four times a year, set spies on delinquents, established a moral censorship, and punished the unruly w ith excommunication. There was to be a childrens catechism, which he drew up; it ranks among his best writings. The city now broke into jurants and nonjurors for many would not swear to the articles; indeed, they never were completely accepted. Questions had arisen with Berne touching points that Calvin judged to be indifferent. He made a figure in the debates at Lausanne defending the freedom of Geneva. But disorders ensued at home, where recusancy was yet rife; in 1538 the council exiled Farel, Calvin, and the blind evangelist, Couraud. The Reformer went to Strasburg, became the guest of Capito and Bucer, and in 1539 was explaining the New Testament to French refugees at fifty two florins a year. Cardinal Sadolet had addressed an open letter to the Genevans, which their exile now answered. Sadolet urged that schism was a crime; Calvin replied that the Roman Church was corrupt. He gained applause by his keen debating powers at Hagenau, Worms, and Ratisbon. But he complains of his p overty and ill-health, which did not prevent him from marrying at this time Idelette de Bure, the widow of an Anabaptist whom he had converted. Nothing more is known of this lady, except that she brought him a son who died almost at birth in 1542, and that her own death took place in 1549. After some negotiation Ami Perrin, commissioner for Geneva, persuaded Calvin to return. He did so, not very willingly, on 13 September, 1541. His entry was modest enough. The church constitution now recognized pastors, doctors, elders, deacons but supreme power was given to the magistrate. Ministers had the spiritual weapon of Gods word; the consistory never, as such, wielded the secular arm Preachers, led by Calvin, and the councils, instigated by his opponents, came frequently into collision. Yet the ordinances of 1541 were maintained; the clergy, assisted by lay elders, governed despotically and in detail the actions of every citizen. A presbyterian Sparta might be seen at Geneva; it set an exa mple to later Puritans, who did all in their power to imitate its discipline. The pattern held up was that of the Old Testament, although Christians were supposed to enjoy Gospel liberty. In November, 1552, the Council declared that Calvins Institutes were a holy doctrine which no man might speak against. Thus the State issued dogmatic decrees, the force of which had been anticipated earlier, as when Jacques Gouet was imprisoned on charges of impiety in June, 1547, and after severe torture was beheaded in July. Some of the accusations brought against the unhappy young man were frivolous, others doubtful. What share, if any, Calvin took in this judgment is not easy to ascertain. The execution of however must be laid at his door; it has given greater offence by far than the banishment of Castellio or the penalties inflicted on Bolsec moderate men opposed to extreme views in discipline and doctrine, who fell under suspicion as reactionary. The Reformer did not shrink from his self-app ointed task. Within five years fifty-eight sentences of death and seventy-six of exile, besides numerous committals of the most eminent citizens to prison, took place in Geneva. The iron yoke could not be shaken off. In 1555, under Ami Perrin, a sort of revolt was attempted. No blood was shed, but Perrin lost the day, and Calvins theocracy triumphed. I am more deeply scandalized, wrote Gibbon at the single execution of Servetus than at the hecatombs which have blazed in the autos-da-f of Spain and Portugal. He ascribes the enmity of Calvin to personal malice and perhaps envy. The facts of the case are pretty well ascertained. Born in 1511, perhaps at Tudela, Michael Served y Reves studied at Toulouse and was present in Bologna at the coronation of ../cathen/03625a.htm. He travelled in Germany and brought out in 1531 at Hagenau his treatise De Trinitatis Erroribus, a strong Unitarian work which made much commotion among the more orthodox Reformers. He met Calvin and disputed with him at Paris in 1534, became corrector of the press at Lyons; gave attention to medicine, discovered the lesser circulation of the blood, and entered into a fatal correspondence with the dictator of Geneva touching a new volume Christianismi Restitutio, which he intended to publish. In 1546 the exchange of letters ceased. The Reformer called Servetus arrogant (he had dared to criticize the Institutes in marginal glosses), and uttered the significant menace, If he comes here and I have any authority, I will never let him leave the place alive. The Restitutio appeared in 1553. Calvin at once had its author delated to the Dominican inquisitor Ory at Lyons, sending on to him the mans letters of 1545-46 and these glosses. Hereupon the Spaniard was imprisoned at Vienne, but he escaped by friendly connivance, and was burnt there only in effigy. Some extraordinary fascination drew him to Geneva, from which he intended to pass the Alps. He arrived on 13 August, 1553. The next day Calvin, who ha d remarked him at the sermon, got his critic arrested, the preachers own secretary coming forward to accuse him. Calvin drew up forty articles of charge under three heads, concerning the ../cathen/06612a.htm, infant baptism, and the attack which Servetus had ventured on his own teaching. The council hesitated before taking a deadly decision, but the dictator, reinforced by Farel, drove them on. In prison the culprit suffered much and loudly complained. The Bernese and other Swiss voted for some indefinite penalty. But to Calvin his power in Geneva seemed lost, while the stigma of heresy; as he insisted, would cling to all ../cathen/12495a.htm if this innovator were not put to death. Let the world see Bullinger counselled him, that Geneva wills the glory of Christ. Accordingly, sentence was pronounced 26 October, 1553, of burning at the stake. Tomorrow he dies, wrote Calvin to Farel. When the deed was done, the Reformer alleged that he had been anxious to mitigate the punishment, but of this fact no record appears in the documents. He disputed with Servetus on the day of execution and saw the end. A defence and apology next year received the adhesion of the Genevan ministers. Melanchthon, who had taken deep umbrage at the blasphemies of the Spanish Unitarian, strongly approved in well-known words. But a group that included Castellio published at Basle in 1554 a pamphlet with the title, Should heretics be persecuted? It is considered the first plea for toleration in modern times. Beza replied by an argument for the affirmative, couched in violent terms; and Calvin, whose favorite disciple he was, translated it into French in 1559. The dialogue, Vaticanus, written against the Pope of Geneva by Castellio, did not get into print until 1612. Freedom of opinion, as Gibbon remarks, was the consequence rather than the design of the ../cathen/12700b.htm. Another victim to his fiery zeal was Gentile, one of an Italian sect in Geneva, which also numbered among its adheren ts Alciati and Gribaldo. As more or less Unitarian in their views, they were required to sign a confession drawn up by Calvin in 1558. Gentile subscribed it reluctantly, but in the upshot he was condemned and imprisoned as a perjurer. He escaped only to be twice incarcerated at Berne, where in 1566, he was beheaded. Calvins impassioned polemic against these Italians betrays fear of the ../cathen/14113a.htm which was to lay waste his vineyard. Politically he leaned on the French refugees, now abounding in the city, and more than equal in energy if not in numbers to the older native factions. Opposition died out. His continual preaching, represented by 2300 sermons extant in the manuscripts and a vast correspondence, gave to the Reformer an influence without example in his closing years. He wrote to Edward VI, helped in revising the ../cathen/02678c.htm, and intervened between the rival English parties abroad during the ../cathen/09766a.htm period. In the ../cathen/07527b.htm troubl es he sided with the more moderate. His censure of the conspiracy of Amboise in 1560 does him honour. One great literary institution founded by him, the College, afterwards the University, of Geneva, flourished exceedingly. The students were mostly French. When Beza was rector it had nearly 1500 students of various grades. Geneva now sent out pastors to the French congregations and was looked upon as the ../cathen/12495a.htm Rome. Through ../cathen/08680a.htm, the Scottish champion of the Swiss Reformation, who had been preacher to the exiles in that city, his native land accepted the discipline of the Presbytery and the doctrine of predestination as expounded in Calvins Institutes. The Puritans in England were also descendants of the French theologian. His dislike of theatres, dancing and the amenities of society was fully shared by them. The town on Lake Leman was described as without crime and destitute of amusements. Calvin declaimed against the Libertines, but there is no evide nce that any such people had a footing inside its walls The cold, hard, but upright disposition characteristic of the ../cathen/12710a.htm, less genial than that derived from Luther, is due entirely to their founder himself. Its essence is a concentrated pride, a love of disputation, a scorn of opponents. The only art that it tolerates is music, and that not instrumental. It will have no ../cathen/06021b.htm in its calendar, and it is austere to the verge of ../cathen/09591a.htm hatred of the body. When dogma fails the ../cathen/03198a.htm, he becomes, as in the instance of Carlyle, almost a pure Stoic. At Geneva, as for a time in Scotland, says J. A. Froude, moral sins were treated as crimes to be punished by the magistrate. The Bible was a code of law, administered by the clergy. Down to his dying day Calvin preached and taught. By no means an aged man, he was worn out in these frequent controversies. On 25 April, 1564, he made his will, leaving 225 French crowns, of which he bequ eathed ten to his college, ten to the poor, and the remainder to his nephews and nieces. His last letter was addressed to Farel. He was buried without pomp, in a spot which is not now ascertainable. In the year 1900 a monument of expiation was erected to Servetus in the Place Champel. Geneva has long since ceased to be the head of ../cathen/03198a.htm. It is a rallying point for ../cathen/06258b.htm, ../cathen/14062a.htm propaganda, and ../cathen/11074a.htm conspiracies. But in history it stands out as the Sparta of the ../cathen/12710a.htm, and Calvin is its Epidemiology in Nutrition Essay

Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today free essay sample

The guide benefited from valuable contributions made by members of the project Steering Group, who gave time to share their practical experience and offer feedback. Members of the Steering Group are: Mary Parsons (Group Executive Director, Places for People), Will Cousins (Deputy Chairman, David Lock Associates), Stephen Heverin (Director of Investment, First Ark Group), Lee Newlyn (Director, Mayfield Market Towns), Euan Hall (Chief Executive, The Land Trust), John Lewis (Chief Executive, Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation), and Simon Leask (Head of ATLAS, HCA-ATLAS). Lord Matthew Taylor also provided valuable advice. The TCPA would also like to thank the councillors who provided quotes for use in the guide, and a number of Trustees of the Association for making available their insight and expertise. This report has been drafted by Kate Henderson and Katy Lock. The views expressed in the report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Steering Group. The aim of this guide The size and location of new communities Background The new world of planning and housing Policy drivers About Garden Cities Lessons from history Leading the way Making the case Pioneering local leadership Building consensus Planning ahead Going for growth Key design principles Masterplanning Unlocking land The value of land Facilitate and lead Partnership approaches Funding infrastructure Investing in the future Sharing risk and reward Making it happen Effective delivery Stewardship of local assets Next steps and useful resources Useful resources from the TCPA Signposts to further information 9 11 13 18 21 23 27 Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today: A Guide for Councils Foreword We know that we will have to build homes to house the nation into the 21st century: the question is not whether we build but whether we have the determination to deliver high-quality communities that will stand the test of time. As councils and communities across the country know, t he decisions we make about the built environment cannot easily be undone. In many areas a history of badly planned and poor-quality development, which has increased pressure on existing infrastructure, has resulted in a breakdown of community trust and a lack of local consensus about the need for new development, despite an escalating housing crisis. Understandably there is community resistance to yet more anonymous ‘bolt-on’ housing estates, and councils are often caught in the crossfire between local concerns, private sector ambitions and national requirements. These debates, which councils know only too well, rarely focus on either the scale of local housing need or the huge opportunities to create beautiful, vibrant and sustainable new communities. However, there is a solution, one which draws on the origins and the best of town and country planning, put into a modern context of sustainable communities – Garden Cities and Suburbs for the 21st century. Significant momentum has been gained both politically and across the built environment sector on recognising the potential of the Garden City approach to development. The Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister have both pledged their support for new Garden Cities; the Garden City principles have been enshrined in the Government’s National Planning Policy Framework; and there is support for ‘locally planned large scale development’ in the Housing Strategy for England. Councils are now firmly in the driving seat in planning for and stimulating growth. In a localised planning system the real power is the Local Plan – this is a major opportunity to think about the long-term future and consider whether a Garden City or Suburb could provide the right solution. If you get the right plan for your area, you can help to steer development to where it is needed and stop bad planning applications being made in the first place. The alternative – not going for well planned growth in the face of continuing population increase – will lead to intensifying pressures on councils and communities as they face overcrowding, failing infrastructure and a lack of investment. As this guide argues, well planned new communities, based on the Garden City principles, provide an opportunity to create high-quality inclusive places. By adopting the Garden City approach councils can rebuild trust in the development process, offering people a better quality of life by allowing for the highest sustainability standards, economies of scale, and better use of infrastructure. Given the scale of the challenges facing our communities, there has never been a more important time for councils to be innovative and ambitious in meeting local housing needs and aspirations, seizing the opportunities to create worldclass new communities. Kate Henderson Chief Executive, Town and Country Planning Association 2 Introduction 1 Introduction Letchworth Garden City town centre 1. 1 Why Garden Cities and Suburbs? opportunity to grow food locally. New Garden Cities and Suburbs can deliver all this. What sets them apart is that this approach to large-scale development allows the necessary infrastructure to be planned in from the start, and existing communities can be protected from unsightly and unpopular piecemeal development. They also provide a powerful opportunity to introduce governance structures that put people at the heart of new communities and give them ownership of community assets. Applying Garden City principles to the development of new communities also allows for immediate access to the countryside, as well as the integration of smart technology. The Garden City 3 The UK’s housing challenge, posed by the need for new homes of all tenures, is clear. However, meeting the nation’s housing needs will involve more than just delivering housing units – we must create beautiful, green places which offer a wide range of employment, retail and leisure opportunities; supply a complete mix of housing types, including social and affordable housing; adopt low-carbon design; implement sustainable transport; provide well managed and connected parks and public spaces; and offer the Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today: A Guide for Councils approach provides a unique opportunity to offer people a better quality of life and more sustainable lifestyles. Significant momentum has been gained recently, both politically and across the built environment sector, on recognising the potential of the Garden City approach to development. The Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister have both pledged their support for new Garden Cities; the Garden City principles have been enshrined in the Government’s National Planning Policy Framework; and there is support for ‘locally planned large scale development’ in the Housing Strategy for England. Councils are in the driving seat in planning for and stimulating growth. The new planning framework requires every council to identify local housing need and then bring forward developments to ensure that everyone has access to a decent home. This guide highlights the opportunities to bring forward sustainable new communities within the context of localism, planning reform and recently introduced Government incentives. ? unlocking land; ? funding infrastructure; and ? making it happen. The final section, on ‘next steps’, gives signposts to further information and useful resources (see also Box 1). 1. 3 The size and location of new communities In the context of localism it will be for local authorities, developers and communities to work together to decide on the most suitable location and the size needed to provide a sustainable community that creates jobs, meets local housing need, and finances and supports the necessary hard and soft infrastructure required to enable a community to thrive. Ebenezer Howard, the ‘inventor’ of the Garden City idea, understood that a Garden City should be carefully designed in relation to the site it occupies. There are, however, specific opportunities – including the economies of scale that are needed to finance and sustain new infrastructure – offered by the development of larger-scale new communities, and the new planning framework – the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) – states (in para. 52): ‘The supply of new homes can sometimes be best achieved through planning for larger scale development, such as new settlements or extensions to existing villages and towns that follow the principles of Garden Cities. ’ 1. 2 The aim of this guide This guide is designed to help elected members (and officers) to: ? ake advantage of the opportunities to create Garden Cities and Suburbs and deliver their benefits; ? understand the key questions that need to be asked and the tools and resources available in planning and delivering sustainable growth; and ? build on the latest policy hooks. The guide has nine sections. This section outlines key Garden City principles. Section 2 gives an overview of the key housing and growth challenges, along with the major policy levers. Section 3 provides a brief history of the Garden City story. Sections 4-8 cover five key themes that councils need to consider if they are to deliver world-class communities today: ? eadership; ? planning ahead; A Garden City or a Garden Suburb/urban extension – what’s right for us? Garden City principles (set out in Box 2) are applicable to different models of large-scale development, including towns, suburbs/urban extensions, and villages – and the right solution will vary from place to place. The principles can also be applied to smaller, inner- Box 1 Detailed information on Garden Cities The TCPA has recently produced a number of documents as part of its Garden Cities and Suburbs campaign: ? Creating Garden Cities and Suburbs Today: